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Understanding Existentialism provides an accessible introduction to existentialism, the philosophical and literary movement that came to prominence in Europe, particularly France, in the mid-twentieth century. The book begins with a discussion of the movement's antecedents in the ideas of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Husserl, Jaspers and Marcel before examining the core texts that give existentialism its philosophical foundations: Heidegger's Being and Time, Sartre's Being and Nothingness, Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception and de Beauvoir's The Ethics of Ambiguity and The Second Sex. Reynolds reveals the shared concerns and the disagreements between these thinkers, and brings into focus the recurring themes in their writings that underpin "existentialism". These themes are discussed in detail and include the notion of freedom; death, finitude and mortality; phenomenological experiences and "moods", such as anguish, angst, nausea, boredom and fear; the emphasis upon authenticity and responsibility; pessimism about human relations; and the rejection of any external determination of morality or value. The final chapter assesses the legacy of existentialist ideas, particularly their influence on poststructuralism, and argues that existentialism remains a productive school of thought. Understanding Existentialism offers an ideal introduction for students studying existentialist ideas on courses in continental philosophy, literary criticism and feminist theory.

Existentialism. --- Existenzphilosophie --- Ontology --- Phenomenology --- Philosophy, Modern --- Epiphanism --- Relationism --- Self --- Philosophical anthropology --- History of philosophy

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This is an outstanding collection of original essays. All of them concern the history and philosophy of mathematics and physics in the years from 1870 to 1930. More specifically, they are intellectual histories of the interactions between the three disciplines, philosophy, mathematics and physics, in that period. And as the essays bring out, what a period it was: of both ferment and synergy, heat and light! Most of the giants - especially Helmholtz, Hertz, Poincare, Hilbert, Einstein and Weyl - are here: engaging not just in physics and mathematics but also in philosophy, often together, or with figures like Schlick. The editors are to be congratulated on a major contribution to our understanding of one of the most complex but fertile periods in the history of all three disciplines. - Jeremy Butterfield, University of Cambridge This stimulating volume covers a wide range of topics which are of direct interest to anyone who thinks about the curious relation between mathematics and the natural world. Philosophers often pose interesting questions about the "dispensability" of mathematics to science. But they too often overlook the wealth of philosophical perplexities that can arise in detailed examples and case studies, both contemporary and historical. This volume refocuses our attention by addressing a number of topics connected to applied mathematics, any one of which is worthy of every philosopher’s attention. - James Robert Brown, University of Toronto What to make of neo-Kantianism in its hey-day, from 1840-1940? It was the most prolific of times and the most seminal, it was the most muddled and confused, it is philosophy working at its hardest with science and most damagingly against science. It is examined here episodically, as it engaged individual scientists: Helmholtz, , Hertz, Poincare, Minkowski, Hilbert, Eddington and Weyl. If Einstein is not in their number, he had to contend with their influence, and anyway he transformed their agenda. The essays on these figures are glinting in their focus and scholarship. Whatever one thinks of neo-Kantianism, this book is history and philosophy of science at its best: mathematically and physically informed, historically engaged, and philosophically driven. - Simon Saunders, University of Oxford Ten first-rate philosopher-historians probe insightfully into key conceptual questions of pre-quantum mathematical physics, from Helmholtz and Boltzmann, through Hertz and Lorentz, to Einstein, Weyl and Eddington, with an interesting aside on the rarely studied philosophy of Federigo Enriques. A rich and effective display of what the critical history of science can do for our understanding of scientific thought and its achievements. Roberto Torretti, University of Puerto Rico.

History of philosophy --- Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Theory of knowledge --- History of physics --- filosofie --- epistomologie --- Mathematics --- geschiedenis --- Philosophy of science --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- wiskunde --- epistemologists --- fysica --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Philosophy and science. --- Mathematics. --- Physics. --- Philosophy, general. --- History of Mathematical Sciences. --- History of Science. --- Philosophy of Science. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- History of Philosophy. --- Science and philosophy --- Science --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Math --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Mathematical analysis --- Physics --- Causality (Physics) --- Foundations. --- 517.1 --- Philosophy and science --- Normal science --- Logic of mathematics --- Mathematics, Logic of --- Causality --- Heisenberg uncertainty principle --- Nuclear physics --- Quantum theory --- 517.1 Mathematical analysis --- Philosophy --- Causality (Physics). --- Philosophy (General). --- Foundations

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The distinction between the contexts of discovery and justification has had a turbulent career in philosophy of science. At times celebrated as the hallmark of philosophical approaches to science, at times condemned as ambiguous, distorting, and misleading, the distinction dominated philosophical debates from the early decades of the twentieth century to the 1980s. Until today, it informs our conception of the content, domain, and goals of philosophy of science. It is due to this fact that new trends in philosophy of experimentation and history and sociology of science have been marginalized by traditional scholarship in philosophy. To acknowledge properly this important recent work we need to re-open the debate about the nature, development, and significance of the context distinction, about its merits and flaws. The contributions to this volume provide close readings and detailed analyses of the original textual sources for the context distinction. They revise those accounts of ‘forerunners’ of the distinction that have been written through the lens of Logical Empiricism. They map, clarify, and analyse the derivations and mutations of the context distinctions as we encounter them in current history and philosophy of science. The re-evaluation of the distinction helps us deal with the philosophical challenges that the New Experimentalism and historically, socio-politically and economically oriented science studies have placed before us. This volume thus clears the ground for the productive and fruitful integration of these new developments into philosophy of science.

Science --- Justification (Theory of knowledge) --- Philosophy. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- History. --- Genetic epistemology. --- Philosophy (General). --- Philosophy of Science. --- History of Science. --- Epistemology. --- History of Philosophy. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Developmental psychology --- Philosophy and science. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science and philosophy

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By proposing the Microcosm and Macrocosm analogy for dialogue between Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology, the authors of this volume are reviving the perennial positioning of the human condition in the play of forces within and without the human being. This theme has run from Plato through the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Modernity, and has been ignored by contemporaries. It now acquires a new pertinence and striking significance due to the scientific discoveries into the "infinitely small" in life, on the one hand, and the prodigious technological discoveries of the "infinitely great" on the other. Both open up undreamt-of prospects for the continuing conquest of cosmic forces. The human person – thrown into turmoil by the new approaches to life and needing to acquire new habits of mind, having lost security of all beliefs – desperately seeks a new clarification of the Human Condition within the unity of everything-there-is, of cosmic forces, and of his destiny. The dialogue between Islamic Philosophy and phenomenology of life can show the way. Papers by: Gholam-Reza A'awani, Mehdi Aminrazavi, Roza Davari Ardakani, Mohammad Azadpur, Gary Backhaus, Marina Banchetti-Robino, William Chittick, Seyed Mostafa Muhaghghegh Damad, Golamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani, Nader El-Bizri, Kathleen Haney, Salahaddin Khalilov, Sayyid Mohammad Khamenei, Mahmoud Khatami, Mieczyslaw Pawel Migon, Nikolay Milkov, Sachiko Murata, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Daniela Verducci.

Islamic philosophy --- Phenomenology --- Arabic philosophy --- Muslim philosophy --- Philosophy, Islamic --- Philosophy, Arab --- Philosophy, Asian. --- Philosophy of mind. --- Philosophy (General). --- Metaphysics. --- Phenomenology . --- Non-Western Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- History of Philosophy. --- Phenomenology. --- Philosophy, Modern --- Asian philosophy --- Oriental philosophy --- Philosophy, Oriental --- God --- Ontology --- Philosophy --- Philosophy of mind --- Mind, Philosophy of --- Mind, Theory of --- Theory of mind --- Cognitive science --- Metaphysics --- Philosophical anthropology --- Philosophy. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities

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Hermann Cohen’s philosophy has now, finally, received the recognition it deserves. Cohen's thought undoubtedly has all the characteristics of a classic. It faced the great problems of philosophical tradition, with full critical awareness and, at the same time, with the capacity to open up new, original routes. It represents one of the last expressions of great systematic thought. The papers collected in this volume deal with different aspects of Cohen’s thought, ethical, political, aesthetic and religious aspects in particular. However, they all represent attempts to follow the ubiquitous presence of certain important themes in Cohen and their capacity for containing meanings that cannot be limited to a single philosophical sphere: themes that are keys to reading unity of inspiration in his thought, which is more deeply imbedded than the exterior architectural unity of his work. The search for the fundamental themes behind Cohen is an important task, if we wish to see this philosopher as a present-day vital point of reference, and not only as a monument of the past.

Jewish philosophy. --- Cohen, Hermann, --- Philosophy. --- Aesthetics. --- Ethics. --- Religion --- Philosophy of Religion. --- History of Philosophy. --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Beautiful, The --- Beauty --- Esthetics --- Taste (Aesthetics) --- Art --- Criticism --- Literature --- Proportion --- Symmetry --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Psychology --- Jews --- Philosophy, Jewish --- Philosophy, Israeli --- Kohen, Herman, --- Kohen, Yeḥezḳel, --- Cohen, H. --- כהן, הרמן --- כהן, הרמן, --- כחן, הרמן --- Philosophy (General). --- Religion—Philosophy. --- Radio broadcasting Aesthetics --- Aesthetics --- Philosophy—History. --- Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics.